Substance guides

Alcohol and pregnancy: Risks, FASD, and getting help

Published November 8, 2024 · 8 min read · Updated April 2026

Reviewed for accuracy by licensed clinical professionals.

There is no known safe amount of alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol crosses the placenta and can cause permanent developmental damage at any stage.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

FASD encompasses a range of effects: facial abnormalities, growth problems, central nervous system damage, learning disabilities, and behavioral issues. FASD is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability.

Risk by trimester

First trimester: highest risk for structural abnormalities. Second trimester: brain development affected. Third trimester: continued brain development and growth affected. Risk exists throughout pregnancy.

Getting help

If you are pregnant and struggling with alcohol, treatment is available and effective. Outpatient programs designed for pregnant women exist. Medication management (naltrexone may be used under medical supervision). The most important thing is to stop as early as possible, any reduction helps.

Authoritative sources

This article references guidelines from: NIDA · SAMHSA · CDC

Frequently asked questions

How much alcohol is safe during pregnancy?

No amount of alcohol has been proven safe during pregnancy. The only way to prevent FASD is complete abstinence.

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

FAS is the most severe form of FASD, causing facial abnormalities, growth problems, and permanent brain damage.

Can you reverse fetal alcohol damage?

FASD is permanent. Early intervention and support services improve outcomes but cannot reverse the underlying damage.

Disclaimer: Informational only. Not medical advice. SAMHSA: 1-800-662-4357.